Creating OCTA

# Creating OCTA
## the Order & Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics
### Eline Van Geert, Christophe Bossens, & Johan Wagemans
### KU Leuven, Belgium
### 03/09/2021

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.footer_right[]
.footer_middle[<a href="https://tinyurl.com/IAEA2021" target="_blank">slides at tinyurl.com/IAEA2021</a>]

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## OCTA toolbox

???

Welcome everyone, I am Eline Van Geert
and today I will present you the Order and Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics that I created.

And I want to start off with a question to all of you: which of these four images do you prefer?
You can type it in the chat or you can keep it to yourself, as you want.
(I will come back to this question at the end of the presentation.)

Which of these images do you prefer and why that is the case is really the central question I want to ask today.
And two factors that seem to play an important role in the appreciation of these images are order and complexity.

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## Which image do you prefer?

???

Welcome everyone, I am Eline Van Geert
and today I will present you the Order and Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics that I created.

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## Focus on order and complexity

aspects related to the structure and organization of information in a stimulus

]

.footnote[Van Geert, E., & Wagemans, J. (2020). Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic
Appreciation. [*Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the
Arts.*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aca0000224)]

--
.pull-right[
### Complexity

aspects related to the quantity and variety of information in a stimulus

]

???

With order, I refer to all aspects related to the structure and organization of information in a stimulus.
Between the left and the middle image we see a difference in type of order (they are equally ordered on the shape and color dimension, but in the left the pattern is applied AcrossRows and in the middle AcrossColumns)
Between these images and the right one there is a difference in the level of order. All three images contain the same elements, but in the right one the elements switched positions, disrupting the presence of the color and shape patterns.

With complexity, I refer to all aspects related to the quantity and variety of information in a stimulus.
The left stimulus exhibits complexity / variety on the shape and color dimension, the middle stimulus has a different type of complexity namely size and color complexity, whereas the right stimulus has fewer elements and only size complexity.

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## Order, complexity, and aesthetic appreciation

.pull-left[
<center><img class="center" style="display: block; width: 500px;" src = "img/Scheme_order_complexity_appreciation.png"></center>
]

???

What is now the relation between order, complexity and aesthetic appreciation?

Although it is clear from earlier research that order, complexity and appreciation àre related, the exact direction and type of relation between them has been more difficult to pin down. One of the reasons I want to bring forward is that order and complexity are often studied separately when their relation to aesthetic appreciation is investigated.

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## Order, complexity, and aesthetic appreciation

.pull-left[
<center><img class="center" style="display: block; width: 500px;" src = "img/Scheme_order_complexity_appreciation.png"></center>
]

.pull-right[
<center><img class="center" style="display: block; width: 500px;" src = "img/Scheme.png"></center>
]

.footnote[Van Geert, E., & Wagemans, J. (2020). Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic
Appreciation. [*Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the
Arts.*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aca0000224) </br> Van Geert, E., & Wagemans, J. (2019). Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic
Preferences for Neatly Organized Compositions. [*Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the
Arts.*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aca0000276)]

???

In an empirical study we conducted with neatly organized compositions, we found that different types of appreciation relate differentially to order and complexity: 
whereas a soothing image is high in order but low in complexity, a fascinating image is high in order ànd complexity.

And I want to say a few more things about the earlier research, as this has motivated the creation of the OCTA toolbox.

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## Earlier research

* effects of order and complexity often studied in isolation

???

In earlier research, the effects of order and complexity have often been studied in isolation

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## Earlier research

* effects of order and complexity often studied in isolation

* when studied jointly, no parametric manipulations or a narrow, unidimensional view

<!--

## Prior research

.footnote[Van Geert, E., & Wagemans, J. (2019). Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic
Preferences for Neatly Organized Compositions. [*Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the
Arts.*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aca0000276)]

???

When they were studied jointly, the stimuli were not manipulated parametrically, or order and complexity were operationalized in a narrow, unidimensional way.

In addition, many stimulus sets used in aesthetics research are not openly available, or if they are, they are not easily expandible or adaptible (as they are often not code-based).

To sum up, as far as I know, there is 
- no single existing stimulus set that combines systematic manipulations of order and complexity on different stimulus dimensions
- in addition there is no easy way available to create reproducible and parametrically controlled stimulus sets, including both order and complexity manipulations

Therefore, I created OCTA

---
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## Creating OCTA

.titlepicture[<img src= "img/eline_vangeert.jpg"><img src= "img/christophe_bossens.jpg"><img src= "img/johan_wagemans.jpg">]

* the Order and Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics (OCTA)

* create an easy way to generate stimuli varying in complexity and/or order along multiple stimulus dimensions (e.g., shape, color, size, orientation)

???

The order and complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics provides researchers with an easy way to generate stimuli 
varying in complexity and order along multiple dimensions including shape, color, size and orientation.

In addition, it is openly available for both the programmers and non-programmers amongst us as I will explain in a second.

- the Order and Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics (OCTA)

- a free, openly available toolbox for creating stimuli that vary systematically in order and complexity on multiple stimulus dimensions

- Python package for coders, Shiny app for non-coders

- create custom stimulus sets that are easily reproducible and expandable

- to replicate earlier findings with a more parametrically controlled stimulus set

- to further explore the balance between order and complexity, and its relation to aesthetic appreciation

- created for aesthetics, but other applications possible

- used stimulus sets that are not easily reproducible or expandible; if code-based, code often not openly available

- did not use stimulus set that combines systematic manipulations of different aspects of order and complexity

### Order

]

???

Here we see an example manipulation of the level of order in the stimulus: the elements are exactly the same for each of the three stimuli, only the number of switches varies between them.

--
.pull-right[
### Complexity

]

???

Here we see two example manipulations of the level of complexity in the stimulus: the number of elements can be varied or the number of complexity dimensions and thus the variety of the elements can be varied (the right stimulus has shape complexity in addition to the color complexity in the middle stimulus.)

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## Creating OCTA

<img src = "img/OCTAcode.png" style  = "margin-top:-130px;">
![](img/OCTAapp.png)
]

???

- the Order and Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics (OCTA)

- a free, openly available toolbox for creating stimuli that vary systematically in order and complexity on multiple stimulus dimensions

- Python package for coders, Shiny app for non-coders

- create custom stimulus sets that are easily reproducible and expandable

- to replicate earlier findings with a more parametrically controlled stimulus set

- to further explore the balance between order and complexity, and its relation to aesthetic appreciation

- created for aesthetics, but other applications possible

- used stimulus sets that are not easily reproducible or expandible; if code-based, code often not openly available

- did not use stimulus set that combines systematic manipulations of different aspects of order and complexity

---
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## OCTA demo

<div id="wrap">
  <iframe id="scaled-frame" src="https://elinevg.shinyapps.io/OCTA_toolbox/"></iframe>
</div>
    
???

Live demo

* change positions of elements

* change color pattern

* change color value

* output options

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## Example stimuli

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/shape.svg" style = "width: 195px; margin-top: -30px;"></center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<embed src="img/extra.svg" type="image/svg+xml" style = " width: 210px; margin-top: -30px;"/>

</center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/flextiles5.svg" style = "width: 210px; margin-top: -45px; margin-bottom: -15px;">
<div style=" font-size: 12px;" >Using a <a href = "https://thenounproject.com/term/tile/1424326">tile</a> created by <a href = "https://thenounproject.com/marialuisa.iborra">Lluisa Iborra</a> available on <a href = "https://thenounproject.com/">the Noun Project</a></div></center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/concentricrings.svg" style = "width: 220px; margin-top: -30px;"></center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/dynamicflowers.svg" style = "width: 210px;  margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: -150px; "></center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/ecologicalflowers.svg" style = "width: 210px;  margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: -150px; ">
</br></br></br></br></br></br>
<div style=" font-size: 12px;  margin-top: 15px;" ><a href = "https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2082529.v1">Flower images</a> from <a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2106">Hůla and Flegr (2016)</a></div></center>
]

.column-4[
<center>
<img src = "img/gradientflowers.svg" style = "width: 210px;  margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: -150px; "></center>
]

???

Here you see some more advanced example stimuli, all created with OCTA. 
In OCTA you can not only use simple geometric shapes, you can also create more ecologically valid stimuli by using images or custom shapes in your stimuli.

You can even recreate the conference logo in OCTA to make it fully reproducible and animatable!

Until now I have showed you the toolbox and some examples, but I also want to show you potential applications by discussing two first studies we conducted 
using stimuli created with the OCTA toolbox.

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## Study 1: Preferences for complexity

**Which levels & types of complexity are preferred within each level of order?**

**Individual differences in preferences for color, shape, and size complexity?**

]

.pull-right[
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_167_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_139_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_84_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;"> 
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_167_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_139_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;"> 
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_84_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;"> 
.caption[<center>&nbsp;COLOR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;  SHAPE &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SIZE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</br>COMPLEXITY&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>]
</center>
]

???

In a first study, we showed participants pairs of stimuli. Within each pair, the level and type of order was kept constant (0, 6, or 12 switches), only the level and type of complexity present was varied. Here you see three example pairs, each with a difference within the pair in a different type of complexity.

We were interested in investigating individual differences in the appreciation of different types of complexity, as well as in general results on differential appreciation of complexity depending on the level of order present in the stimuli.

We used four different color sets to assess the generalizability of our findings. 407 students completed 4 blocks of 287 pairs (2 blocks per color set)

Within each pair: 
- manipulation of level and type of complexity (color, shape, or size)
- level of order, type of order, and color set kept constant

Within study:
- four different color sets to assess generalizability findings
- 407 participants, 4 blocks of 287 pairs per participant (2 blocks per color set)

---
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## Study 1: Preferences for complexity

.pull-left[
1. **Not all types of complexity are appreciated similarly**

]

.pull-right[
<center>
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_167_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_139_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_84_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;"> 
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_167_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;">
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_139_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;"> 
<img src = "img/0001_1_1_84_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-top: -20px; float:left;"> 
.caption[&nbsp;COLOR &nbsp;&nbsp; > &nbsp;&nbsp; SHAPE &nbsp;&nbsp; > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SIZE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</br>COMPLEXITY&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]
</center>
]

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## Study 1: Preferences for complexity

.pull-left[
1. Not all types of complexity are appreciated similarly

2. **Not all individuals appreciate complexity equally**

<img src = "img/ind_diffs_complprefs.png" style  = "float: right; width:420px; margin-right:30px; ">
]

???

more individual differences in appreciation of color > shape > size complexity
---
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## Study 1: Preferences for complexity

.pull-left[
1. Not all types of complexity are appreciated similarly

2. Not all individuals appreciate complexity equally

3. **The appreciation of complexity partially depends on the level of order present**

<center>
<div style = "float:left; color: #E41A1C;"><center><img src = "img/0001_1_1_5_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;"></br>0 switches</br><b>high order</b></center></div>
<div style = "float:left; color:#377EB8;"><center><img src = "img/0001_1_1_1_right.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;"></br>6 switches</br></center></div>
<div style = "float:left; color: #4DAF4A;"><center><img src = "img/0001_1_1_9_left.svg" style  = "width : 150px; margin-bottom: 0px; float:left;"></br>12 switches</br><b>low order</b></center></div>

</center>
]

???

complexity preferred more often when higher order level present (no switches)
when order is disturbed, lower preference for complexity

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## Study 2: Rating study

.pull-left[
**Can the findings by <a target = "_blank" href = "https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000276">Van Geert & Wagemans (2019)</a> be replicated when using a more parametrically controlled stimulus set?**

]

<img src = "img/examplestimulus.png" style = "margin-top: -20px">
]

???

In a second study, we let participants rate OCTA stimuli on perceived order, complexity, pleasantness, and interest.

We were interested in replicating the results of our earlier work on neatly organized compositions with a more parametrically controlled stimulus set. For example, do pleasantness and interest have differential relations to order and complexity? Is order indeed a more consistent factor in appreciation and is the appreciation of complexity more prone to individual differences?

We created a set of 1611 OCTA stimuli, collected ratings from 296 participants of which each rated approx. 100 images.

Although we are planning to collect more data, I can present you our preliminary results.

- Which levels & types of of order and complexity are rated high on order, complexity, pleasantness, or interest?
- Individual differences in ratings?
- 1611 images
- 296 participants, +- 100 images per participant

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## Study 2: Rating study (preliminary results)

<img src = "img/ratingstudycorrs.png" style = "margin-top: -40px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
]

???

The results of the study confirm the main findings of our earlier work. As you can see in the correlation scheme on the right, pleasantness correlated positively to perceived order and negatively to perceived complexity, whereas interest was positively correlated to both order and complexity.

---
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## Study 2: Rating study (preliminary results)

.pull-left[
Study confirms main findings of <a target = "_blank" href = "https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000276">Van Geert & Wagemans (2019)</a>:
- different types of appreciation relate differently to order and complexity
- almost everyone appreciates order positively
- more individual differences in the appreciation of complexity
]

<img src = "img/ratingstudycorrs.png" style = "margin-top: -40px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<img src = "img/indcorrpleas.png" style = "float:left; width: 50%; margin-top: -20px">
<img src = "img/indcorrinterest.png" style = "float:right; width: 50%; margin-top: -20px">
]

???

Furthermore, order indeed was the more consistent factor in the appreciation of the images, as most participants showed a positive appreciation of order (not many participants in the left part of the graphs).

The appreciation of complexity however was more prone to individual differences: participants are more distributed across the top and bottom halves of the graphs.

---
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## Study 2: Rating study

<div id="wrap">
  <iframe id="scaled-frame" src="https://elinevg.shinyapps.io/OCTAratings_explore/"></iframe>
</div>
    
???

If you want to explore the dataset of this rating study further, I encourage you to try out the online application we created.

You can sort the images based on the average ratings they received for pleasantness, interest, order, or complexity and filter on any of the variables related to the stimulus construction.

Furthermore, you can also discover relations between different variables in the dataset. You will see a plot with individual points representing each image in the dataset. If you hover over the points, you see the corresponding images and values. If you click on any of the points, you will get even more information about that stimulus.

You can change the variables presented on the x and y axes as preferred. FOr example, if you want to see the relation between complexity and interest, you can easily change the x and y axes.

---
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## Future applications

- choose which image they prefer
- rate images on aesthetic value
- arrange elements on a canvas
- create a pleasing or interesting stimulus
- change an existing stimulus
- ...
]

</div>

]

???

The two studies I presented here only show very basic experiment designs, but OCTA stimuli are easy to use in a multitude of experiment options.
For example, we can let participants

- choose which image they prefer
- rate images on their aesthetic value
but we can for example also let them 
- arrange the elements on a canvas in the way the prefer
- or let them resize elements as preferred

All of this is also possible with animated stimuli as shown here

---

## Future developments

.pull-left[
- additional position patterns & deviation options
- additional animation options
- option to create multiple stimuli at once
- ...

Which additional features would you like to see?

]

???

What does the future bring for the OCTA toolbox?

Well, on the development side, further development will largely depend on user requests, 
so if you have any suggestions or requests you can contact me on my email address.

On the research side, there are many options available, and I want to invite all of you to explore them with me.

If you are interested in collaborations, please contact me on my email address,

but if you want to use OCTA in your own research independently, feel free to do so as well.

Only condition is citing the toolbox in your research outputs, respecting the license and making sure you keep the code you used to generate your stimuli so that other researchers will be able to reproduce and adapt for their own work!

---

## Which image do you prefer?

<div style = "margin-top: -20px;">Stimuli with varying number of complexity dimensions: </div>

???

So, we are back where we started, which image did you prefer?

As you may have noticed these OCTA stimuli differ in the number of complexity dimensions present, with D being the simplest image and C being the most complex one.

---

<h2> Further resources</h2></div>

- <a href="https://elinevg.shinyapps.io/OCTA_toolbox/" target="_blank">Test the OCTA Shiny app</a>

- <a href="https://github.com/gestaltrevision/OCTA_toolbox" target="_blank">Install the OCTA Python toolbox</a>

- <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScHfKYGP_Oh6a_cd6jnf-jpbfJWWSzNXCpnPwDiI07zyHBy-w/viewform?hl=en" target="_blank">Subscribe to the OCTA mailing list</a>

- <a href="http://evg.ulyssis.be/octa/2021-08-26_ECVP2021_vangeert_onl_poster_2901.html" target="_blank">Explore the OCTA poster from ECVP 2021</a>

- <a href="http://evg.ulyssis.be/octa/" target="_blank">Visit the OCTA documentation</a>

- <a href="https://elinevg.shinyapps.io/OCTAratings_explore/" target="_blank">Explore the OCTA image ratings app</a>

- Preprint coming soon!

]

<center>
<img src = "img/EVG_OCTA.svg" style = "width: 100%;" margin-bottom: -10px;">
<div style = "margin-top: -30px;"><a href = "http://evg.ulyssis.be/evg/"><b>Eline Van Geert</b></a></div></br>

<div style = "float:middle; margin-top: -20px; ">
<a style = "font-size: 16px;" href="http://gestaltrevision.be/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
<span>GestaltReVision research group</br>Laboratory of Experimental Psychology - KU Leuven</span>
</a></br>

<a href="https://github.com/ElineVG" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-block; float:middle;padding:10px;">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#119abb;height:2em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg>
</a>
</div>
</center>]

<div>
<center><b>Thanks to</b></center>

.pull-left[<center><img src = "logos/gestaltrevisionlogosmall.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src = "logos/KULeuven_small.png">&nbsp;&nbsp;
<img src = "logos/FWOlogosmall.jpg" ></center>
]

.pull-right[<div style = "margin-top: -150px;"><center><img src = "img/christophe_bossens.jpg" style = "width:60px; margin-left:60px;margin-top: -20px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src = "img/johan_wagemans.jpg" style = "width:60px; margin-top: -200px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src = "img/astrid_warny.png" style = "width:60px; margin-top: -200px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src = "img/daniel_hofmann.png" style = "width:60px; margin-top: -200px;"></center></div>]

</div>

???

I want to thank you all for your attention and point you to all the resources available online (there is the OCTA toolbox app, code, documentation, we also have a mailing list to be kept up to date on new developments for OCTA; a poster you can explore to get to know OCTA better, and the ratings app I showed you today).

A paper is in preparation and will soon be available as a preprint.

To get to all of those resources, you can go to the url shown on the bottom of the slide and click all the links on the slides.

If there are any questions, I am more than happy to answer them :-)